this paper was turned into me with 67\% plagiarism by my schools website and about 40 for this one and it is unacceptable. i cannot use any of the sources. i have attached the paper along with the original requirementsYour paper should be 10 – 15 pages. Here are some general guidelines.
1. Write an introduction, which clearly identifies the topic of your report
and the issues, which you seek to illuminate. The introduction should
include the thesis or basis of your report, and a very preliminary
overview of the evidence you will use to support it. Finally, the
introduction should include a statement that identifies what your paper
contributes to our understanding of Criminal Law (in other words, why
is the topic of your report important?).
2. The body of your report should be dedicated to support your thesis
with claims gleaned from your research (into what others have written
on the topic; data that you have gathered), readings from the course
text, discussion boards, and/or case law, interviews, law review articles.
Please cite your references at the end of your report. Please include at
least 5 references to support the thesis of your paper.
3. Conclude your report by recapitulating your thesis and explaining in
greater detail the significance of your findings. If you would like, include
in your conclusion some questions or claims about the topic and/or
specific which youve written. If you believe more research needs to be
done on your topic, be specific about what kind of research and how you
think it ought to be done.
I strongly recommend that you proof read your paper several times to
ensure that you have no spelling, grammar or punctuation errors and to
ensure that your paper flows well and is organized.
Please remember to USE FOOTNOTES!! Footnotes are sequentially
numbered starting with 1. No two have the same number even if they
refer to the same source.
THIS IS WHAT WE DECIDED TO GO WITH AND HERE IS THE PREVIOUS OUTLINE
OF IT BELOW
Prostitution Legalization
One of the most seasoned lawful debates originates from one of the
universes most established callings, prostitution, there is no
denying that the sex industry has taken worldwide measurements
and is perceived as a financial engine for some nations. As nations
around the globe face off regarding the benefits of legalizing or if
nothing else decriminalizing prostitution. The accompanying
inquiries ought to be tended to. Would legalization decrease a
portion of the inequalities and abuse endured by the women
included? Then again, by legitimizing prostitution, would society
switch many years of work to advance human rights and enhance
the status of women? At first glance, this resembles a repeating of
an ageless debates. Notwithstanding, it is definitely not. The
question is no more drawn out about ethical quality – is
prostitution a bad habit and are those included wickedness or some
way or another ailing in judgment? Presently the question ought to
be solicited: is prostitution a shape from abuse to be annulled or an
occupation to be directed? To discover what is going on and how
conclusions are transforming, one ought to look to many reports
published.
My reasoning for choosing the topic of prostitution is based on the
fact that it is controversial, which allows for me to research this
topic with an open mind and free of judgments. I find controversial
topics to be engaging and exciting to research as well as to see
other individual’s perspectives on this topic. Everyone will have
their opinion on whether the oldest profession in the world should
or should not be legalized. However, I believe that finding the facts
from the history of prostitution, various case laws, statue laws,
varying policies and law articles will help me to distinguish
whether legalizing prostitution would be economically feasible for
nations, globally and to find ways that may decriminalize
prostitution in the long run.
Prostitution Outline
1 Prostitution
a
Oldest profession
b
Legalize and decriminalize
c
History
2 Thesis
a
Would legalization decrease a portion of the inequalities and
abuse endured by the women included?
b
By legitimizing prostitution, would society switch many years of
work to advance human rights and enhance the status of
women?
3 Reason for research
a
Controversial
b
Refute perspectives of others
4 Research strategies
a
Laws cases
b
Law articles
c
Statue laws
Policies
Running head: PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
Perceptions on Prostitution:
To Legalizing or Decriminalize Prostitution
Introduction
One of the most seasoned lawful debates originates from one of the universes most
established callings, prostitution, there is no denying that the sex industry has taken worldwide
measurements and is perceived as a financial engine for some nations. As nations around the
globe face off regarding the benefits of legalizing or if nothing else decriminalizing prostitution.
1
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
2
The accompanying inquiries ought to be tended to. Would legalization decrease a portion of the
inequalities and abuse endured by the women included? Then again, by legitimizing prostitution,
would society switch many years of work to advance human rights and enhance the status of
women? At first glance, this resembles a repeating of ageless debates. Notwithstanding, it is
definitely not. The question is no more drawn out about ethical quality – is prostitution a bad
habit and are that included wickedness or some way or another ailing in judgment? Presently the
question ought to be solicited: is prostitution a shape from abuse to be annulled or an occupation
to be directed? To discover what is going on and how conclusions are transforming, one ought to
look to many reports published.
Several radical feminists get forth that prostitution is an action of violence, especially
against girls, and is a type of human rights infringement (Farley, Baral, Kiremire, & Sezgin,
1998; Farley & Kelly, 2000; Raymond, 1998)1,2,3 This perspective also implies that by
unnaturally delineating between forced and voluntary prostitution, prostitution becomes
normalized and offers a mechanism for people who use girls as well as kids to conceal
underneath the cloak of getting a company thats “voluntary An extreme variant of the viewpoint
maintains that prostitution, particularly child prostitution, needs to be looked at as an economic
crime4. These differing positions really are a recurring motif and are analyzed in the following
discussions. The ideological viewpoints about prostitution necessarily dictate effects and its
causes are assessed, in addition to the policies advocated to handle the problem.
1
Farley, M., Baral, I., Kiremire, M., & Sezgin, U. (1998). Prostitution in five countries: Violence and post-traumatic
stress disorder. Feminism and Psychology, 8, 405–426.
2
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences literature. Women
& Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64.
3
Raymond, J. G. (1998). Prostitution as violence against women: NGO stonewalling in Beijing and elsewhere.
Women’s Studies International Forum, 21, 1–9.
4
Bakirci, K. (2007). Child pornography and prostitution: Is this crime or work that should be regulated? Journal of
Financial Crime, 14(1), 5.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
3
Preponderance of Prostitution
Despite an abundance of literature, its difficult to estimate the prevalence of prostitution.
It is because the definitional differences seeing what consists of prostitution make
approximations exceptionally changeable. It was estimated that the amount of sex workers in the
USA in 1987, for instance, stood close to a million, or 1\% of the total people5. By restricting its
definition to full-time equivalent prostitution (FTEP), Potterat, Woodhouse, Muth, and Muth6
found the preponderance of prostitution is all about 23 per 100,000 population. They reasoned
that by simply expanding this stat to the country, a mean of about 84,000 girls, or about 59,000
FTEPs, worked as prostitutes in the United States per annum during 1980 Additionally they
reasoned that girls hookers commonly stay in prostitution to get a rather brief time (about four to
five years for long-term hookers).
In a methodical effort to estimate the prevalence of female sex work (FSW) in distinct
nations (quantified as female sex workers in a place over a number of adult women for the
reason that region), other authors found enormous variations within world areas. It was
particularly true for states within Latin America (between 0.2\% and 7.4\%) and sub-Saharan
Africa (between 0.4\% and 4.3 \%.). There was less variation within states in the other areas of the
whole world7.
Simple History of Prostitution
5
Alexander, P. (1987). Prostitution: A difficult issue for feminists. In F. Delacoste (Ed.), Sex work: Writings by
women in the sex industry (pp. 184–214). San Francisco: Cleis Press.
6
Potterat, J. J., Woodhouse, D. E., Muth, J. B., & Muth, S. Q. (1990). Estimating the prevalence and career longevity
of prostitute women. Journal of Sex Research, 27(2), 233–243.
7
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences literature. Women
& Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64., 11(2), 236.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
4
The history of prostitution is closely linked using the routines of prohibition and
toleration as a society accommodates proper policies to deal with the action leveled against
prostitution. The view that prostitution is the oldest profession has some credence, as prostitution
was viewed by early societies as an approved part of societal, spiritual, and cultural life. By way
of example, as early as 2400 BC, files of prostitution are seen in temple services in
Mesopotamia8. Additionally, there are early files that revealed that prostitution was viewed as a
valid economic activity.
Not before the middle Ages were there appreciable records of prohibition contrary to the
custom of prostitution. At varying intensities, although additionally interspersed with intervals of
toleration and minimal regulation, prohibition of prostitution continued through the centuries.
Prohibition appeared especially pronounced during times of widespread ailments, for example in
the spread of syphilis in the late 1400s9, especially when it was understood that the ailment was
sexually connected. In the time scale in the 15th to the 20th century, the moralistic way of
prostitution resulted in social policies that were conflicting. In Europe, while spiritual
associations were vigorously in opposition to prostitution, the top-notch that was male
dominated, its existence was supported by social classes. For that reason, girls involved with
prostitution were stigmatized and criminalized; yet their customers werent.
The moralistic viewpoint held sway throughout most of the 20th century too. Mostly
through these efforts, some authorities offered services to sex workers decriminalized
prostitution and ensured a safer working setting for all those concerned. Nonetheless, in the
nexus of human trafficking and sex tourism, prostitution is caught with all the arrival of
8
Lerner, G. (1986). The origin of prostitution in ancient Mesopotamia. Signs: Journal of Women in Culture and
Society
9
Bullough, V. L., Bullough, B., & Bullough, V. L. (1987). Women and prostitution: A social history. New York:
Prometheus Books.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
5
globalization. Theres an increasing realization that as an industry, prostitution had been
economically and methodically manipulated10. As mentioned before, more extreme feminists
have so pronounced that prostitution is a contemporary type of sex slavery plus it needs to be
looked at as violence against women and also a breach of human rights (Farley et al., 1998;
Farley & Kelly, 2000; Raymond, 1998)11,12,13
Types of Prostitution
Prostitution can be classified according to modus operandi and gender and age of
providers. In their comprehensive review of studies on prostitution, Harcourt and Donovan14
identified 25 different modi operandi of commercial sex work in more than 15 countries. In their
typology, they identified the name of the activity, how clients are solicited and where they are
serviced, and in what world regions, certain activities are prevalent. Among the more prominent
modi operandi for sex work are street, brothel, and escort prostitution. Street prostitution is the
model where clients are solicited on the street, in parks, or in other public places and are serviced
inside streets, vehicles, or short-stay premises. Street prostitution is widespread, particularly in
societies where alternative work sites are unavailable (e.g., in the United States, Europe, United
Kingdom, Australasia) or there is socioeconomic breakdown (e.g., Eastern Europe, parts of
Africa, South and Southeast Asia, and Latin America).
10
Leheny, D. (1995). A political economy of Asian sex tourism. Annals of Tourism Research, 22(2), 367–384.
Farley, M., Baral, I., Kiremire, M., & Sezgin, U. (1998). Prostitution in five countries: Violence and post-traumatic
stress disorder. Feminism and Psychology, 8, 405–426.
11
12
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences literature. Women
& Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64.
13
Raymond, J. G. (1998). Prostitution as violence against women: NGO stonewalling in Beijing and elsewhere.
Women’s Studies International Forum, 21, 1–9.
14
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81, 201–206.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
6
Brothel prostitution is the mode where certain premises are explicitly dedicated to
providing sex. Usually, brothel prostitution has better security provisions accorded to sex
workers than street prostitution. Brothels are often licensed by authorities. Brothel prostitution is
the preferred mode when sex work is decriminalized or brothels are “tolerated.” This type is
prevalent in Australia, New Zealand, Southeast Asia, India, Europe, and Latin America.
Escort prostitution is the mode where clients contact sex workers by phone or via the
hotel staff. This is the most covert form of sex work. It is relatively expensive because of low
client turnover (i.e., a higher price is charged for services because the client pool is smaller and
more exclusive). The service can be provided at a client’s home or hotel room. This mode of
prostitution is ubiquitous. In the United States, escorts and private workers contacted by phone
and working on a “call book” are known as “call girls” or “call men.” Other less prominent modi
operandi include lap dancing, massage parlors, and traveling entertainers15.
Other modes documented by Harcourt and Donovan16 are culturally bound and unique to
certain countries. For example, in Cambodia and Uganda, a mode called “beer girl” prostitution
was documented where young women hired by major companies to promote and sell products in
bars and clubs also sell sexual services to supplement their income. Also, in some Japanese
cities, a popular mode is the geisha. These are women engaged primarily to provide social
company, but sex may ensue. Harcourt and Donovan17 also found that policing of sex work
could change the modus operandi and location of prostitution, but rarely its prevalence. They
argued that it is necessary to develop a complete understanding of the modus operandi of sex
work in a particular area in order to come up with comprehensive sexual health promotion
15
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81, 201–206.
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81, 201–206.
17
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81, 201–206.
16
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
7
programs. Harcourt and Donovan18 concluded that there is no one best intervention for
prostitution and those interventions must be suitable to the form (modus operandi) of prostitution
in a local area to have some impact.
Causes of Prostitution
Based on one ideological position that if, there are differing sets of explanations
concerning why individuals participate in prostitution. This section describes some causes by
differing ideological views on prostitution, as delineated. It must be mentioned the policies
advocated to handle the problem and also that ideological viewpoint additionally affect
interpretations of the consequences of prostitution.
Most bearing explanations of prostitution and maybe among the first is the moral and
societal deviance view. This view presumes that prostitution is a crime from a sin from the laws
of God and also the laws of the state. Studies that presume this place usually find that hookers
have low self-esteem and low self-control (Greenwald, 1958)19. If hookers maintain that they
were forced by economic conditions into participation in prostitution, this outlook views them as
poor, as they must have researched other adequate kinds of creating income.
Studies that employed this premise maintained that prostitution was correlated with
feeble-mindedness and that prostitution might be passed on to another. Some studies additionally
maintained that prostitution might be learned. People who grew up in neighborhoods or families
where prostitution was common may probably wind up prostituting. This perspective maintains
that people who therefore are overly promiscuous and are too feeble to control their sexual
desires have an elevated danger to become prostitutes.
18
19
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted Infections, 81, 201–206.
Greenwald, H. (1958). The call girl: A social and psychoanalytic study. New York: Ballantine Books.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
8
This fortifies the place of the moral and societal deviance view by claiming that low selfcontrol and deficiency of affections to the original principles of society fuels both the happenings
of prostitution and drug addiction.
Studies that presume that prostitution is a voluntary action normally find that most
prostitutes take part in the action with the aim of fast economic and commercial increases20.
People who voluntarily take part in prostitution are also called sex workers and are part of what
many call a “sex industry”21.
The supposition that prostitution is voluntary claims that female sex workers are only
using their free choice regarding how to proceed with their bodies22. Female sex workers are
actualizing a civil right inherent in their own work, simply because they view prostitution as a
valid type of employment. This premise maintains that prostitution is a valid strategy to research
sexual pleasures, and individuals who participated in it arent deviants but instead are regular
human beings.
Lately, a scathing criticism of free pick perspectives and the deviance has sprung up.
Both free pick outlooks and the deviance suppose that hookers have a say in their own
engagement; in the previous, the hooker is stigmatized and an antagonist, while the hooker hailed
and is a protagonist. The next view discounts both ways of reasoning and asserts that
20
Davidson, J. O. C. (1995). The anatomy of “free choice” prostitution. Gender, Work & Organization, 2(1), 1–10.
Rickard, W. (2001). “Been there, seen it, done it, I’ve got the T-shirt”: British sex workers reflect on jobs. Feminist
Review, 67, 111–132.
22
Jenness, V. (1990). From sex as sin to sex as work: COYOTE and the reorganization of prostitution as a social
problem. Social Problems, 37(3), 403–420.
21
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
9
prostitution, in whatever kind, can involuntary. Hookers are victims of the private and
environmental conditions plus they must be helped 23.
Ramifications of Prostitution
The perspective that prostitution is a deviant action that is morally and socially indicates
that hookers are sinners and criminals. One common aftereffect of the outlook is the
stigmatization of the involved in prostitution. This changes much more than simply the hooker;
instead, the stigmatization propagates to people connected with the hookers like other relatives
along with their kids. This negative labeling can also be the source of long-term engagement in
prostitution, as hookers who want out may have limited choices. For instance, companies might
not desire former hookers working for them.
The stigmatization related to prostitution additionally makes hookers exposed to physical
assaults. Similarly, considering that prostitution is illegal generally in most places, prostitution
exchanges might be achieved in the roads, normally in the dark, where the protection of the
hookers against competitive customers is undermined 24. As well as this, some hookers will also
be determined by illegal materials, thus increasing their susceptibility.
The outlook that is deviance also normalizes authorities’ misconduct against hookers. ”
The reasoning goes that it’s greatest for law enforcement to manage them with discretionary
determinations because the hookers are seen as “sinners and offenders. Police officers could turn
it into their private edge and can abuse this power that is discretionary. Theres than the little
choice for the hookers, given their states that are marginalized. Studies also demonstrate that
23
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences literature. Women
& Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64.
24
Kurtz, S. P., Surratt, H. L., Inciardi, J. A., & Kiley, M. C. (2004). Sex work and “date” violence. Violence against
Women, 10(4), 357.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
10
despite attempts to prepare prostitutes to work with condoms for protection, most hookers report
they usually do not regularly use condoms25. One of the most popular reasons is that customers
are not amenable to work with them.
Perspectives about How to Cope With Prostitution
That is one area of important competition among policymakers, social activists, and
scholars. Each group has arguments that are convincing. Outright criminalization is frequently
the policy position of people who see prostitution in the moral and societal deviance outlook. By
embracing a stringent policy the government is sending a powerful deterrent message to wouldbe their customers, coordinators of prostitution, as well as hookers.
Proponents of outright criminalization assert that legalizing or decriminalizing
prostitution will support it. Consequently, this place calls for severe punishments for third
parties, customers, and hookers. Legalization and outright decriminalization is the policy
position of individuals who consider that sex between consenting adults is absolutely okay and
view prostitution as a valid type of work. This policy position asserts that handling prostitutes are
hypocritical social policy and an unsuccessful. It supposes that, rather than solving the
difficulties linked with prostitution, criminalization has only corrupted the police and political
procedures. Proponents note that the most repressive authorities couldnt eradicate prostitution.
This policy position additionally holds that criminalization just stigmatizes sex work, so creating
enormous health, and physical, medical threats for the workers. Therefore, it really is merely
down-to-earth to recognize the presence of prostitution.
25
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences literature. Women
& Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
11
They normally concur that those eating involuntary prostitution should be penalized26.
By keeping track of the documented workers, and by mandating routine physical checkups for
HIV as well as other STDs, sex workers as well as their customers specifically, together with
society generally, is going to be shielded by putting sex workers in safe surroundings like
scrutinized brothels. Among the advantages of a controlled sex industry is the stimulation of the
market, as stated in the Consequences of Prostitution section27. Some cities in Europe, and
eleven counties in Nevada, as an example, have markets gaining from sex work that is
controlled.
Individuals who view prostitution as a sort of violence and also a human rights
infringement urge a blend of decriminalization and punishment, depenalization. This policy
position presumes that all forms of hookers, whether voluntary or compelled, kid or adult, are
casualties and need assistance. Additionally, they recommend for the provision of fiscal support
to the survivors of prostitution, and mental, mental.
Nonetheless, this policy position takes an extremely strong stand against facilitators and
clients of the prostitution sector. They can be against any attempt to legalize the so-called
voluntary prostitution, as this is only going to normalize the sex trade. They claim that
authorities attempts ought to be centered on not the casualties and them and that customers keep
up the marketplaces of the sex industry28. They press for strong punishments from states that
furnish customers and promoter for support from nations where youngsters and prostituted girls
are coming from. Additionally, they contend powerfully in order that youngsters useful for sex
26
Bullough, V. L., Bullough, B., & Bullough, V. L. (1987). Women and prostitution: A social history. New York:
Prometheus Books.
27
Potterat, J. J., Rothenberg, R. B., Muth, S. Q., Darrow, W. W., & Phillips-Plummer, L. (1998). Pathways to
prostitution: The chronology of sexual and drug abuse milestones. Journal of Sex Research, 35(4), 333–340.
28
Phoenix, J. (2007). Regulating prostitution: Different problems, different solutions, same old story. Community
Safety Journal, 6(1), 7.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
12
work might be shielded by the global treaties agreed to by different nations, that child
prostitution ought to be considered an economic crime.
Conclusion
In the preceding reports, it seems that prostitution, as a societal problem is here to stay.
Together with the arrival of globalization, especially, new kinds of prostitution seem to be
cropping up and are introducing new challenges to policymakers, scholars, and moral
entrepreneurs 29 It’s dangerous effects loom large while the argument in what policies to adopt
toward prostitution furies. Liberals moralists and radicals are agreed, though, in varying
amounts, that prostitution cases the spread of diseases. To be able to successfully convince their
customers to take part in protected sex, some sex workers are also trained to obtain social skills.
In certain regions that control prostitution, hookers have to possess weekly medical checkups for
STDs.
While these initiatives at the local and individual levels are helpful, theyre going to not
be enough to affect the spread of infectious diseases. The success of attempts to spread condoms
about how to follow them, and also to organize hookers light in comparison to the most recent
instances of HIV-AIDS which are reported. It requires more than a localized and person attempt
to correct problems containing societal and economic origins.
In the simplest way to see prostitution, the ideological differences should be transcended,
given the requirements to more proactively effect prostitution practices that were safe. Similarly,
the policy positions of decriminalization or criminalization must also represent a recognition of
the socio- not really that much and medical reality the unbending dictates of an ideology.
29
Scambler, G., & Scambler, A. (1997). Rethinking prostitution: Purchasing sex in the 1990s. New York: Routledge.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
13
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
14
References
Alexander, P. (1987). Prostitution: A difficult issue for feminists. In F. Delacoste (Ed.), Sex
work: Writings by women in the sex industry (pp. 184–214). San Francisco: Cleis Press.
Bakirci, K. (2007). Child pornography and prostitution: Is this crime or work that should be
regulated? Journal of Financial Crime, 14(1), 5.
Bullough, V. L., Bullough, B., & Bullough, V. L. (1987). Women and prostitution: A social
history. New York: Prometheus Books.
Davidson, J. O. C. (1995). The anatomy of “free choice” prostitution. Gender, Work &
Organization, 2(1), 1–10.
Davidson, J. O. C. (2002). The rights and wrongs of prostitution. Hypatia, 17(2), 84–98.
Ditmore, M. H. (Ed.). (2006). Encyclopedia of prostitution and sex work. Westport, CT:
Greenwood Press.
Edlund, L., & Korn, E. (2002). A theory of prostitution. Journal of Political Economy, 110(1),
181–214.
Erickson, P. G., & Butters, J. (2000). Crack and prostitution: Gender, myths, and experiences.
Journal of Drug Issues, 30(4), 767–788.
Farley, M., Baral, I., Kiremire, M., & Sezgin, U. (1998). Prostitution in five countries: Violence
and post-traumatic stress disorder. Feminism and Psychology, 8, 405–426.
Farley, M., & Kelly, V. (2000). Prostitution: A critical review of the medical and social sciences
literature. Women & Criminal Justice, 11(4), 29–64.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
15
Goodall, R. (1995). The comfort of sin: Prostitutes and prostitution in the 1990s. London:
Renaissance Books.
Graaf, R. D., Vanwesenbeeck, I., Zessen, G. V., Straver, C. J., & Visser, J. H. (1995). Alcohol
and drug use in heterosexual and homosexual prostitution, and its relation to protection
behavior. AIDS Care, 7(1), 35–48.
Greenwald, H. (1958). The call girl: A social and psychoanalytic study. New York: Ballantine
Books.
Harcourt, C., & Donovan, B. (2005). The many faces of sex work. Sexually Transmitted
Infections, 81, 201–206.
Jenness, V. (1990). From sex as sin to sex as work: COYOTE and the reorganization of
prostitution as a social problem. Social Problems, 37(3), 403–420.
Kurtz, S. P., Surratt, H. L., Inciardi, J. A., & Kiley, M. C. (2004). Sex work and “date” violence.
Violence against Women, 10(4), 357.
Leheny, D. (1995). A political economy of Asian sex tourism. Annals of Tourism Research,
22(2), 367–384.
Lerner, G. (1986). The origin of prostitution in ancient Mesopotamia. Signs: Journal of Women
in Culture and Society, 11(2), 236.
Lowman, J. (2000). Violence and the outlaw status of (street) prostitution in Canada. Violence
against Women, 6(9), 987.
Phoenix, J. (2007). Regulating prostitution: Different problems, different solutions, same old
story. Community Safety Journal, 6(1), 7.
PERCEPTIONS ON PROSTITUTION
16
Potterat, J. J., Rothenberg, R. B., Muth, S. Q., Darrow, W. W., & Phillips-Plummer, L. (1998).
Pathways to prostitution: The chronology of sexual and drug abuse milestones. Journal of
Sex Research, 35(4), 333–340.
Potterat, J. J., Woodhouse, D. E., Muth, J. B., & Muth, S. Q. (1990). Estimating the prevalence
and career longevity of prostitute women. Journal of Sex Research, 27(2), 233–243.
Raymond, J. G. (1998). Prostitution as violence against women: NGO stonewalling in Beijing
and elsewhere. Women’s Studies International Forum, 21, 1–9.
Rickard, W. (2001, Spring). “Been there, seen it, done it, I’ve got the T-shirt”: British sex
workers reflect on jobs. Feminist Review, 67, 111–132.
Robinson, L. (2006). Sex in the city: Prostitution in the age of global migrations. Labour, Capital
and Society, 39(2), 48.
Scambler, G., & Scambler, A. (1997). Rethinking prostitution: Purchasing sex in the 1990s. New
York: Routledge.
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