hello i need to do a technical report about E-commerce … and the report should consider these things …and i will upload an example in different topic thanks
Consider front matter
•Title
page
•Optional
preface
•Table
of contents
•Abstract
or summary
•Chapter
title pages
•Consider
adding art work.
Consider
back matter
•Glossary
(Dictionary)
•Appendix
•Exhibits(Displays)
•
Bibliography
•
IndexUniversity of Dammam
جامعة الدمام
College of Computer Science &
Information Technology
كلية علوم الحاسب وتقنية المعلومات
Department of Computer Information
Systems
قسم نظم المعلومات
Operating System
Written by:
Supervised by:
Mohammed haif alqahtani / 2130007771
Dr. Ubaid Abbasi
Abdulaziz alzahrani / 2130004513
Amr Masoud alqahtani / 2120007384
Omar Khaid Jamal Allil / 2130007449
Contents
Abstract ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 3
1.1 Introduction ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 4
1.2 Operating system …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 4
1.3 The objectives of the operating system …………………………………………………………………………………….. 5
1.4 The components of the operating system …………………………………………………………………………………. 6
2.1 Basic functions of an operating system …………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Definition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Functions of an operating system………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Booting the computer ………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 7
Performs basic computer tasks ……………………………………………………………………………………………… 7
Provides a user interface………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 7
Handles system resources …………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 8
Provides file management ……………………………………………………………………………………………………. 8
Types of file system ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 8
2.2 How the operating system works …………………………………………………………………………………………….. 9
Definition ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 9
3.1 Type of operating system………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 11
4.1 Examples of operating system ……………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
1- Windows ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 13
Windows versions: …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 13
A- DOS-based Systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 13
B- Windows 9x Systems ………………………………………………………………………………………………………. 14
C- Windows NT-based Systems…………………………………………………………………………………………….. 15
2- UNIX …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
3- Linux …………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 17
4- MAC OS X ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 17
Conclusion ………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………… 18
References ……………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….. 19
2
Abstract
Operating system in general is a mediator between the user and the Computer
and the physical components of the computer automated. The function of
operating system is to enable the user to use all the capacity available in the
physical components with high efficiency. The other function is to make the
Computer comfortable and easy to use. It can be considered as operating systems
like government as it provides the environment that can be for all companies and
organizations that operate in accordance with the laws and can be considered as
these companies are programs and applications.
3
1.1 Introduction
It is known that the computer is an electronic device capable of receiving and
processing of data and then store them or show them to the user in another way.
In order to do these operations, there are devices that help him on that. Which is
essentially the Processor, Memory, Hard Drive, Keyboard, and Mouse. Which
together form what is known as the physical components of a computer
hardware.
However, the multiplicity of these components and the difficulty of dealing
directly with them, necessitated finding able to control the various elements of
these programs and to facilitate the use of commonly used right. The solution was
with special software called: operating systems.
1.2 Operating system
Operating system is the first program you see when a computer running and the
last program you see when you close it, it is a set of programs responsible to
manage the several of physical resources of the device. Operating system is a
mediator between the user, hardware, and applications. Role of operating system
here is similar to the role of interpreter for two people do not understand one
other languages, and by providing user-friendly interface for the user being able
to overcome the various physical complications of the device.
The operating system is doing two things:
– Physical entity management (Hardware), and moral (Programs) computer
systems.
– The link between applications and equipment without having to know every
detail.
4
1.3 The objectives of the operating system
• Facilitate communication between the user and the computer, through:
1- Operating system provides assistant programs, such as text editors programs.
2- The operating system identifying ways to implement processes and priorities.
3- Connect the subsidiary organs of the computer with a CPU operating.
4- Provide protection for entities and information stored on the computer.
5- Provide device with correction and Explorers errors.
• Computer Resource Management:
1- Measure the accuracy of the execution of orders.
2- The device implementation of the order of operations (processor).
3- Provide the necessary resources to carry out operations.
4- Find a storage area and find a suitable place on the memory for the exchange
of information required to perform the task and the provision of processor time
to perform this task.
• The opportunity to implement more of the task at once.
• Provide the possibility of participating on one device from multiple users.
• Maximize the benefit of available resources within the device.
5
1.4 The components of the operating system
• Operating nucleus
The most important part of the operating system is called the heart of the
operating system, also called the Executive Director of the operating system.
The following tasks:
1- Movement between programs process during operation.
2- Control in the physical components of a computer.
3- Control software.
4- Management and coordination of operations.
5- Implementation of the order of operations and provide the necessary
requirements to implement them.
6- Linkage between operations and places of storage results.
7- Ensure the completion of operations and identify signs of the end of each
process.
• bootloader: It is a system operator, which connects directly with the ROM and
adjusts its program which the BIOS, and loads the kernel on the RAM.
• Libraries: It is a language libraries and translators which the compilers.
• Command interpreter: It is a translator requests the user to machine language.
• Director of Operations.
• Prioritization coordinator.
• File manager.
• Memory Manager.
6
2.1 Basic functions of an operating system
Definition
An operating system is a group of computer programs that coordinates all the
activities among computer hardware devices. It is the first program loaded into
the computer by a boot program and remains in memory at all times.
Functions of an operating system
The basic functions of an operating system are:
a)
b)
c)
d)
e)
Booting the computer.
Performs basic computer tasks.
Provides a user interface.
Handles system resources.
Provides file management.
Booting the computer
The process of starting or restarting the computer is known as booting. A cold
boot is when you turn on a computer that has been turned off completely. A
warm boot is the process of using the operating system to restart the
computer.
Performs basic computer tasks
The operating system performs basic computer tasks, such as managing the
various peripheral devices such as the mouse, keyboard and printers. For
example, most operating systems now are plug and play which means a device
such as a printer will automatically be detected and configured without any
user intervention.
Provides a user interface
A user interacts with software through the user interface. The two main types
of user interfaces are: command line and a graphical user interface (GUI). With
a command line interface, the user interacts with the operating system by
typing commands to perform specific tasks. An example of a command line
interface is DOS (disk operating system). With a graphical user interface, the
7
user interacts with the operating system by using a mouse to access windows,
icons, and menus. An example of a graphical user interface is Windows Vista or
Windows
7.
The operating system is responsible for providing a consistent application
program interface (API) which is important as it allows a software developer to
write an application on one computer and know that it will run on another
computer of the same type even if the amount of memory or amount of
storage is different on the two machines.
Handles system resources
The operating system also handles system resources such as the computers
memory and sharing of the central processing unit (CPU) time by various
applications or peripheral devices. Programs and input methods are constantly
competing for the attention of the CPU and demand memory, storage and
input/output bandwidth. The operating system ensures that each application
gets the necessary resources it needs in order to maximize the functionality of
the overall system.
Provides file management
The operating system also handles the organization and tracking of files and
directories (folders) saved or retrieved from a computer disk. The file
management system allows the user to perform such tasks as creating files
and directories, renaming files, coping and moving files, and deleting files. The
operating system keeps track of where files are located on the hard drive
through the type of file system. The type two main types of file system are File
Allocation table (FAT) or New Technology File system (NTFS).
Types of file system
File Allocation table (FAT)
New Technology file system (NTFS)
File Allocation table (FAT) uses the file allocation table which records, which
clusters are used and unused and where files are located within the clusters.
NTFS is a file system introduced by Microsoft and it has a number of
advantages over the previous file system, named FAT32 (File Allocation Table).
8
One major advantage of NTFS is that it includes features to improve reliability.
For example, the new technology file system includes fault tolerance, which
automatically repairs hard drive errors without displaying error messages. It
also keeps detailed transaction logs, which tracks hard drive errors. This can
help prevent hard disk failures and makes it possible to recover files if the hard
drive does fail.
NTFS also allows permissions (such as read, write, and execute) to be set for
individual directories and files.
2.2 How the operating system works
Definition
An operating system is the application that controls every aspect of a computer.
The most common operating systems are Windows, UNIX and Macintosh. To put
it simply, an operating system carries out two basic functions:
(1) It serves as a manger for the hardware and software resources held in the
system.
(2) It deals with hardware without the applications having to know every aspect
along the way.
The duties of the operating system fall into six different categories:
a.
b.
c.
d.
e.
f.
Processor management.
Memory management.
Device management.
Storage management.
Application interface.
User interface.
Processor Management
Processor management involves the certainty that all applications and
processes get the appropriate amount of time from the processor so that it
9
can function properly. It also involves taking advantage of as many processor
cycles as it possibly can to make everything work together properly. The
operating system uses the process or thread of the processor to carry out
these functions and it continuously switches between processes at the rate of
thousands of processes per second.
Memory Management
Memory management is the process of ensuring that each process has the
amount of memory needed to execute the task so that processes do not steal
memory from each other. Another part of memory management is managing
each type of memory so that it is used properly.
Device Management
Every piece of hardware uses a driver, a special program, to communicate with
the system. The operating system uses the drivers as a translator between the
electrical signals from the hardware and the programming code found in
applications. The driver takes data from the operating system to the device
and vice versa. The operating system controls this process by calling on the
appropriate driver when it is needed.
Application Program Interface
Just like hardware has drivers, applications have application program
interfaces (APIs). APIs allow the programmers to use parts of the operating
system and computer to carry out certain functions. The operating system
holds all of the APIs that are recognizable to the computer and plays the role
of interpreter for the APIs. It then sends the data required so that the function
is carried out.
User Interface
The user interface aspect of the operating system manages the interaction
between the user and computer. Many operating systems use graphical user
interfaces, which mean that it uses images and icons to communicate with the
user. The operating system once again plays the role of interpreter to
communicate with both the user and the computer in languages that they
both understand.
10
3.1 Type of operating system
There is two type operating systems:
1- The ability to run more than one Task to the user at the same time.
2- The ability to allow more than one User to work on the machine at the
same time.
And their two types of them:
In the Task Section there is:
1- Multi Task
2- Single Task
In the User Section there is:
1- Multi User
2- Single User
And by that you can define four types of operating systems:
1234-
Multi User Multi Task
Multi User Single Task
Single User Multi Task
Single User Single Task
Multi User Multi Task System
Allows different users to use computer resources in that one with a management
system for the confiscation of even the ensures that the impact of any other user
so that each user interacts with the computer through the console especially
examples of this system
Examples
Uinux
VMS
11
Multi User Single Task System
Allows more than one user that each one performs a program at one time so that
provides each user unit insert composed and directed from the keyboard and
display screen communicate with the central computer and is also called the
system time post system because time periods fixed gives users to use the
processor
Examples
Windows NT
Single User Multi Task System
This system does not allow more than one user to work on it
It allows the user to run more than one application at the same time and switch
between them as needed
Examples
Windows
Linux
Mac
Single User Single Task System
This system does not allow the user to run more than one application at the same
time if it needs to run another application to be settled with the previous
application to be able to work on the next one
Examples
Microsoft DOS
12
4.1 Examples of operating system
1- Windows
Windows is Microsoft’s operating system that use GUI (graphical user interface).
Windows versions:
There are so many different version of windows depends on the bases
Such as DOS-based, Windows 9x and Windows NT-based.
A- DOS-based Systems
Windows 1.0
Windows 1.0 is the first operating system from
Microsoft based on DOS-based was, released on
November 20, 1985 that use the GUI .
Microsoft stopped developing this operating
system after it released the newest version of
windows. Look at Figure (1).
Figure (1)
Windows 2.0
Windows 2.0 released on December 9, 1987 it
was faster, more stable than the previous
version of windows. Look at Figure (2).
Figure (2)
13
Windows 3.0
Windows 3.0 is the last version of DOS-based
Systems this version support 16 colors, has a
great graphical interface it was faster than the
previous versions. Look at Figure (3).
Figure (3)
B- Windows 9x Systems
Windows 95
Windows 95 was released on August 24, 1995 it
was a huge sales success, this system has significant
improvement compared with the old versions. It
has most closely GUI with a simple Plug-n-Play with
more colors and support TCP/IP. Look at Figure (4).
Figure (4)
Windows 98
Windows 98 was released on August 24, 1995 it
has an improvement in speed and Plug-N-Play,
support USP and it has (quick launch) Feature.
Look at Figure (5).
Figure (5)
14
Windows ME
ME is the short form of Millennium Edition, it
was the last operating system use the Windows
95 code base. It has new feature (system
restore) but the overextended code made
vulnerabilities to the operating system which
make it unstable. Look at Figure (6).
Figure (6)
C- Windows NT-based Systems
There are many operating systems that use
Windows NT base and we will sort some of
them.
Windows NT
Windows NT has many editions and Windows
NT 3.1 was the first operating system of that
series it was released on July 27, 1993. Look at
Figure (7).
Figure (7)
Windows XP
Windows XP is another edition of windows NT
it was released on August 24, 2001 .it support
64bit computing ,more stable, improved
appearance also it came with DirectX which
enabled 3D gaming. Look at Figure (8).
Figure (8)
15
Windows 7
Windows 7 was built on vista kernel. windows 7
had the appearance of vista with improved in
start up and program speed. It was released to
manufacturing on July 22, 2009, and became
available to public on October 22, 2009. Look at
Figure (9).
Figure (9)
Windows 10
Windows 10 is the latest version based on
Windows NT it has the appearance of windows 8
but with improvement on the graphics and the
speed of the system it was released on July 15,
2015. Look at Figure (10).
16
Figure (10)
2- UNIX
Is an operating system that originated in 1969 as an interactive time-sharing
system. UNIX was invented by Ken Thompson and Dennis Ritchie.
3- Linux
Linux is an operating system designed with GUI to provide personal computer
users for free or low cost first released was on 5 October 1991.
4- MAC OS X
Mac OS an operating system for Apple Computers. The latest version of this
operating system has an interface with some 3D appearance also, it has a
modular design intended to make it easy for the user to add new features to the
operating system.
17
Conclusion
In conclusion, Computers are devices that capable of processing the data and
store it so the user can retrieve it any time. To control the computer you need an
operating system to make a communication with the machine, there are many
operating systems and each one has its advantages and disadvantages but they
mainly serve the same purpose, which is providing an interface that helps the
user to communicate and interact with the machine.
18
References
1- Ahmed.(2014).Operating System. Technical Compass.
2- Ashraf. (2012). Operating System. Education Forum.
3- Shady. (2013). What is operating system. Encyclopedias information.
4- Ali. (2013). Types of operating system. Slideshare.
5- Abdurrahman. (2012). Examples of operating system. King Faisal University.
6- For pictures (http://searchwindowsserver.techtarget.com/definition/Windows)
19
Purchase answer to see full
attachment
Why Choose Us
- 100% non-plagiarized Papers
- 24/7 /365 Service Available
- Affordable Prices
- Any Paper, Urgency, and Subject
- Will complete your papers in 6 hours
- On-time Delivery
- Money-back and Privacy guarantees
- Unlimited Amendments upon request
- Satisfaction guarantee
How it Works
- Click on the “Place Order” tab at the top menu or “Order Now” icon at the bottom and a new page will appear with an order form to be filled.
- Fill in your paper’s requirements in the "PAPER DETAILS" section.
- Fill in your paper’s academic level, deadline, and the required number of pages from the drop-down menus.
- Click “CREATE ACCOUNT & SIGN IN” to enter your registration details and get an account with us for record-keeping and then, click on “PROCEED TO CHECKOUT” at the bottom of the page.
- From there, the payment sections will show, follow the guided payment process and your order will be available for our writing team to work on it.