Requirements:600 words per question. 600 for Harlem Renaissance and 600 for State Formation. 1200 words altogether but not limited to. Use in text citations. MLA format.I attached the articles below.Discuss the role of the environment (geographical location) in the emergence of the Egyptian civilization.Using two African empires as case studies, discuss the role of long distance trade in the emergence and growth of the western Sudanese polities (kingdoms and empires).With reference to four polities, discuss four factors that aided the process of state formation in Africa before A.D. 1880 (one factor for a polity)For this question, use a different polity (state, empire or kingdom) for illustrating how each of the four factors you selected helped a state to emerge.Factors that aided in State Formation in Africa before A.D. 1880:Geographical location/environment / Cultural homogeneity / Political organization / Economy / Agriculture / Trade/Commerce / Leadership (specific rulers) / Military / Technology (e.g., iron technology) / Migration (spread of ideas and technology)African History and
Civilization
Asante Empire
Map of Asante Empire
Geography and early history
History started as a progressive consolidation
of estates into small polities
Emerged in the late 17th c. as powerful
kingdom
Located on the boundary between the forest
and savanna regions
In the Volta, Pra, and Ofin basins
Early history…
Founded by members of the Oyoko clan
Each social and political unit constituting an
Oman
Under the unpopular rule of Denkyira
Cultural homogeneity and common hatred of
Denkyira were platforms for unity
Leadership
Obiri Yeboa
The founding ruler
Died in the 1670s
Osei Tutu (1670s-1717)
ably assisted by Chief Priest Okomfo Anokye
Unified the members of the Oyoko clan
Established Kumasi as the capital
The Golden Stool as a symbol of the nation
Started the annual Odwira festival
Strong military – Van, Rear, Left, and Right
Opoku Ware
Grand nephew of Osei Tutu
last of the great rulers
Political organization and leadership
Sovereignty was parcellized
At the apex was the Asantehene
Political authority devolved through parallel
structures
Functions of authority are replicated at each
level
Political control in tributary provinces rested
on the system of “indirect rule.”
Asante stools
Fall of Asante Empire
Weakness of central and provincial
administration
British imperialism
100-year war
African History and
Civilization
Mali Empire
Map of Africa
African Kingdoms and Empires
Geography
Located in the savanna
region
Ideal for grain
production
Strategically located to
control the westernmost
trans-Saharan trade
route
Early history
Started out as a polity of the Madingo people
(Kangaba kingdom)
Spoke the Mande language
One of the former subject states of Ghana
empire
Became a powerful kingdom in the 13th c.
Trans-Saharan trade
Agricultural goods
Mineral resources
Gold (Wangara)
Salt (Taghaza)
Developed 3 commercial centers
Timbuktu
Gao
Jenne
Sundiata (1234-1255)
Crippled
Defeated Sumanguru (Soso or Susu
Kingdom) in 1235
Conquered gold producing regions to the
south
Mansa Kankan Musa (1307-1337)
Devout muslim
Went on pilgrimage, 1324-1325
Performed pilgrimage on a lavish scale
100 camel loads of gold
500 servants carried gold staff
Very generous on the way
Mansa Musa cont…
Attracted skilled manpower
Built efficient administration
Judicial system based on the Islamic tenets
Built a strong cavalry
Fall of Mali
Decline set in by the 1360s
Internal problems and external threat
Dynastic disputes
Weak administrations
External aggression of the Mossi to the north
and Tuaregs to the south
The rise of Songhai to the east
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