PLEASE SUBMIT EACH PART ON SEPARAET WORD DOCUMENTSPART A:Refer to the data set in the Problem Set Data document. Working in the Module Eight Problem Set Questions document, explore this data set using a regression analysis. Record your results (in APA format) within the document and submit for review. (ATTACHMENTS BELOW)PART B:Using previous feedback and statistical procedures in Modules Five through Eight, revise the methods section and include a data analysis section. Complete the results section once you have established the data analysis plan. (Methods Paper attached below along with Rubric)Note: At their discretion, instructors may perform an originality check on submissions using Turnitin.PSY 520: Final Project Document
Overview
The final project for this course is the creation of a research study that addresses a gap in knowledge or provides a solution to a problem in the field of
psychology. The research study will include all of the main elements of a study, including an Introduction, a Methods section, a Results section, and a Discussion.
You will not need to collect data on your own; you will choose a provided data set from the list of studies provided in the PSY 520 Final Project Datasets
document. The project is divided into four milestones, which will be submitted at various points throughout the course to scaffold learning and ensure quality
final submissions. These milestones will be submitted in Modules Two, Three, Six, and Eight. The final project will be submitted in Module Ten.
In this assignment, you will demonstrate your mastery of the following course outcomes:
Evaluate research designs in terms of their contribution to theory, validity, and relevance for addressing common psychological issues and phenomena
Generate appropriate hypotheses for given issues that draw upon established psychological theories and the body of knowledge within the discipline
Design effective research studies that include a problem statement, a review of the literature, research hypotheses, data collection procedures, and data
analysis procedures
Evaluate the methods and results employed in published research studies in terms of their consistency with the research question posed and hypotheses
generated by the author
Assess the ethical implications of various research designs and research studies
Communicate research results in a clear, consistent format consistent with publication guidelines
Prompt
The goal of your final project is to produce a research manuscript that is formatted according to APA standards. Throughout the course, you will submit the
different sections of your paper, including the introduction, methods, results, and discussion:
Introduction: The purpose of the introduction is to establish what the paper will focus on and why the research question or hypothesis is important. It
will include a review of literature (i.e. a description of what other researchers have done that is directly related to the study) that establishes why the
topic is important, what previous work has shown, and how your paper extends the work or challenges it. It should clearly state the research question or
hypothesis and indicate how the design will effectively test the hypothesis or answer the research question. Additionally, you should consider the ethical
concerns present in the studies you review and how they were handled (or could have been handled better).
Method: The method section describes how the study was conducted. It should be sufficiently detailed so as to permit another researcher to replicate
the research. Generally, the method is broken into three sections – Participants (who participated in the study, how were they recruited, etc.), Materials
(what did participants read and/or what were they exposed to as part of the study) and Procedure (how the study was conducted).
Results: The results section provides a summary of the findings – including basic descriptive statistics of the data, information about the statistical tests
conducted, and the results of those analyses. The results section should start with a brief summary statement of results then provide a detailed
description of the data analysis. This is typically where a researcher will use charts, graphs, or other figures to display the data.
Discussion: The final section provides a summary of key points, including what the data imply about the research question or hypothesis (whether these
hypothesis was supported or not) and how these contribute to what we know about the topic. Results should be discussed both in the context of the
current study and in the larger body of work established in the literature review.
You should refer to the APA Manual (6th ed.), which you may have purchased for a previous course, for APA formatting and citation standards for your paper. In
addition, Purdue University’s online writing lab (OWL) APA formatting and style guide provides extensive documentation on how to format a paper according to
APA standards. A sample manuscript with annotations can be found here: https://owl.english.purdue.edu/owl/resource/560/18/
Your paper should answer the following question: How will you create a research study based on a developed research question related to psychology?
Organize your paper using the sections described above. Specifically, the following critical elements must be addressed within each of the sections:
INTRODUCTION
Literature review
Conduct a literature review related to the topic you decided to explore. How will the literature reviewed be applied to the research study?
Evaluate the methods employed in published research studies in terms of their consistency with the research question posed and hypotheses generated
by the author.
Examine the results employed in published research studies in terms of their consistency with the research question posed and hypotheses generated by
the author.
Hypotheses/Research Questions
Consider the theories different authors use to explain the phenomenon of interest. More generally, what role do psychological theories play in
generating appropriate hypotheses for given issues?
Apply the work you located in your research review to generate your own research hypothesis or research question.
Consider how the body of knowledge within the discipline impacts the generation of appropriate hypotheses or research questions.
What is the problem in the research study?
Concerns for ethics in research
What are the ethical implications of the published research studies? How do these concerns impact your own hypothesis or research question?
METHODS
Describe the data collection procedures within the research study that produced the dataset you have chosen.
Explain the data analysis procedures within the research study that produced the dataset you have chosen.
RESULTS: The following questions will be used to evaluate your results section:
Are the research results communicated clearly?
Are the research results consistent?
Do the research results remain consistent in format with publication guidelines?
DISCUSSION
Research Design Contribution
Explain how the design of the study that produced the dataset you have chosen helps answer the research question or test your hypothesis. How does
the research design contribute to a theory for addressing common psychological issues?
Evaluate the validity of the design of the study that produced the dataset you have chosen. What contributions does the research design have in terms
of validity when addressing psychological issues and phenomena?
How does the research design provide relevance for addressing common psychological issues and phenomena?
Ethical Implications
a. Evaluate the ethical concerns of the design of the study that provided that dataset you have chosen. What are the ethical implications of various
research designs?
Milestones
Milestone One: Introduction
In task 2-3, you will submit the Introduction for your research study. In this paper, you will create a mini literature review using at least five scholarly, peer
reviewed journal sources. If you need research help, watch the SUMMON Multi-Search Overview video or review the Library Resources Guide.
Use the following outline to structure your paper:
1. Problem Statement: less than one page; clearly states the issue that will be addressed and why it needs to be addressed. This section will not discuss
solutions.
2. Literature Review: almost two pages; integrates five relevant scholarly sources to support your claim that there is an issue to be addressed. Be sure
to accurately cite your work.
3. Research question(s): a sentence or two; develop a research question that you plan to use for your Final Project that is related to the data in your
chosen dataset. Be sure to review PSY 510 material related to how to construct a proper research question.
4. Hypothesis: a sentence; develop a hypothesis (a “guess” as to how you think your independent variable can influence your dependent variable)”
The format should be a Word document of at least three pages in length. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone One Rubric.
Milestone Two: Methods Section
In task 3-2, you will submit the Methods section of your research study. Within your Methods section, include sections for the Purpose Statement, Participants,
Materials and Procedures, Variables, and Data Analysis Plan. Use the Module Three Overview as a guide for additional explanation on each of these sections.
The format should be a Word document of at least two pages in length. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Two Rubric.
Milestone Three: Revised Introduction
In task 6-3, you will submit a revised draft of the Introduction for your research study. Based on feedback from Milestone One, refine your problem statement,
literature review of at least five sources, research questions, and hypothesis.
The format should be a Word document of at least three pages in length. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Three Rubric.
Milestone Four: Revised Methods and First Draft of Results
In task 8-3, you will submit a revised draft of your Methods section and the first draft of the Results section for your research study. Using previous feedback
and statistical procedures in Modules Five through Eight, revise the Methods section and include a data analysis section. Complete the Results section once you
have established the data analysis plan.
The format should be a three- to five-page Word document, excluding tables or figures. This milestone will be graded with the Milestone Four Rubric.
Final Project Submission: Research Study
In task 10-2, you will submit your research study. It should be a complete, polished artifact containing all of the critical elements of the final product. It should
reflect the incorporation of feedback gained throughout the course.
The format should be a 12–15 page Word document (not including cover page or references) and should follow APA format. This project will be graded with the
Final Project Rubric (in this document).
Deliverable Milestones
Milestone
Deliverables
1
Introduction
2
Methods Section
3
Revised Introduction
4
Revised Methods and First Draft of Results
Research Study
Module Due
Grading
Two
Graded separately; Milestone One Rubric
Three
Graded separately; Milestone Two Rubric
Six
Graded separately; Milestone Three Rubric
Eight
Graded separately; Milestone Four Rubric
Ten
Graded separately; Final Project Rubric
Final Project Rubric
Requirements of submission: Written components of projects must follow these formatting guidelines: double spacing, 12-point Times New Roman font, oneinch margins, and discipline-appropriate citations. The paper should be 12–15 pages (not including cover page or references) and should follow APA format.
This activity uses an integrated rubric in Blackboard. Students can view instructor feedback in the Grade Center. For more information, review these instructions.
Critical Elements
INTRODUCTION
Research Study
Design:
Literature Reviewed
Methods and
Results:
Methods Employed
Exemplary (100\%)
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides an explanation for the
chosen literature
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
applies consistency within one’s
own methods
Methods and
Results:
Results Employed
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
applies consistency within one’s
own results
Hypotheses:
Psychological
Theories
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
substantiates findings with
scholarly research
Hypotheses:
Body of Knowledge
Within the
Discipline
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides specific examples to
support findings
Research Study
Design:
Problem
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides rationale to support
thinking
Proficient (90\%)
Needs Improvement (70\%)
Provides a detailed literature
review applicable to the research
study
Evaluates the methods employed
in published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author
Examines the results employed in
published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author
Analyses the role that
psychological theories play in
generating appropriate
hypotheses for given issues
Describes how the body of
knowledge within the discipline
impacts the generation of
appropriate hypotheses
The literature review is not
applicable to the research study
or is lacking in relevance
The methods employed in
published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author are minimally addressed
The results employed in
published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author are minimally addressed
The analysis of the role that
psychological theories play in
generating appropriate
hypotheses for given issues is
minimal
Minimally describes how the
body of knowledge within the
discipline impacts the generation
of appropriate hypotheses
Describes the problem in the
research study
The problem in the research
study is minimally addressed
Not Evident (0\%)
Value
The literature review is not
evident
3
The methods employed in
published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author are not evident
The results employed in
published research studies in
terms of their consistency with
the research question posed and
hypotheses generated by the
author are not evident
The analysis of the role that
psychological theories play in
generating appropriate
hypotheses for given issues is not
evident
The description of how the body
of knowledge within the
discipline impacts the generation
of appropriate hypotheses is not
evident
The problem in the research
study is not evident
7
8
7
8
3
Research Study
Design:
Research
Hypotheses
Ethical Implications:
Research Studies
METHODS
Research Study
Design:
Data Collection
Procedures
Research Study
Design:
Data Analysis
Procedures
RESULTS
Research Results:
Clear
Communication
Research Results:
Consistency
Research Results:
Format Consistent
with Publication
Guidelines
DISCUSSION
Research Design
Contribution:
Theory
Research Design
Contribution:
Validity
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides relevant rationale to
support thinking
Provides well-supported research
hypotheses
Research hypotheses are
irrelevant and/or lacking in detail
Research hypotheses are not
evident
3
Meets “Proficient” criteria
substantiated with research
Describes the ethical implications
of research studies
The ethical implications of
research studies are lacking in
detail
The ethical implications of
research studies are not evident
8
Meets “Proficient” criteria
substantiated with insightful
rationale
Describes the data collection
procedures in detail
The data collection procedures
are lacking in detail
The data collection procedures
are not evident
3
Meets “Proficient” criteria
substantiated with insightful
rationale
Describes the data analysis
procedures in detail
The data analysis procedures are
lacking in detail
The data analysis procedures are
not evident
3
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides additional rationale to
articulate meaning for audience
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides additional justification
to support consistency
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
cites examples when applicable
Communicates research results
clearly
Research results are not clearly
communicated
Research results are not evident
5
Provides consistency in research
results
Research results are inconsistent
Research results are not evident
5
Research result format is
consistent with publication
guidelines
Research result format is
inconsistent with publication
guidelines
Research results are not evident
5
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
supports rationale with insightful
examples
Describes how the research
design contributes to the theory
for addressing common
psychological issues
Evaluates the contributions the
research design has in terms of
validity when addressing
psychological issues and
phenomena
The description of how the
research design contributes to
the theory for addressing
common psychological issues is
not evident
The contributions the research
design has in terms of validity
when addressing psychological
issues and phenomena are not
evident
5
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
provides insightful examples to
support rationale
The description of how the
research design contributes to
the theory for addressing
common psychological issues is
lacking in detail
The contributions the research
design has in terms of validity
when addressing psychological
issues and phenomena are
minimally addressed
5
Ethical Implications:
Research Designs
Research Design
Contribution:
Relevance
Articulation of
Response
Meets “Proficient” criteria
substantiated with research
Describes the ethical implications
of research designs
Meets “Proficient” criteria and
includes insightful examples to
support findings
Describes how the research
design provides relevance for
addressing common
psychological issues and
phenomena
Submission has no major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
Submission is free of errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, and organization
and is presented in a professional
and easy to read format
The ethical implications of
research designs are lacking in
detail
The description of how the
research design provides
relevance for addressing
common psychological issues and
phenomena is insufficient
Submission has major errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that negatively impact readability
and articulation of main ideas
The ethical implications of
research designs are not evident
7
The description of how the
research design provides
relevance for addressing
common psychological issues and
phenomena is not evident
Submission has critical errors
related to citations, grammar,
spelling, syntax, or organization
that prevent understanding of
ideas
Earned Total
5
10
100\%
Sub_num Gender Major
1
1
2
1
3
1
4
1
5
1
6
1
7
1
8
1
9
1
10
1
11
1
12
1
13
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
Reason Exp_cond Coffee
3
1
1
2
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
2
1
1
2
0
3
2
1
1
2
0
1
2
1
1
2
0
1
2
0
1
2
0
14
15
16
17
18
19
20
21
22
23
24
25
26
27
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
1
1
1
1
3
1
2
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
4
4
4
4
4
2
2
3
3
2
3
4
4
0
1
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
28
29
30
31
32
33
34
35
36
37
38
39
40
41
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
1
3
4
1
1
2
4
1
2
4
4
1
0
1
1
1
1
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
42
43
44
45
46
47
48
49
50
51
52
53
54
55
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
4
5
5
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
1
1
1
2
4
4
4
1
1
2
3
3
4
4
3
3
0
1
0
0
0
0
1
1
0
0
1
0
1
1
56
57
58
59
60
61
62
63
64
65
66
67
68
69
1
1
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
5
5
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
2
1
1
1
1
1
1
2
3
1
1
4
1
1
1
2
3
3
3
4
4
2
1
2
3
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
0
70
71
72
73
74
75
76
77
78
79
80
81
82
83
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
1
1
1
2
2
2
3
1
3
3
3
3
1
1
3
4
4
3
3
4
1
2
2
3
3
4
1
1
1
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
0
0
0
84
85
86
87
88
89
90
91
92
93
94
95
96
97
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
2
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
3
4
4
4
5
5
5
1
1
3
2
2
3
3
3
2
2
3
3
2
2
1
1
2
2
3
2
3
3
1
4
3
3
2
3
1
1
0
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
1
0
1
0
98
99
100
2
2
2
5
5
5
2
2
1
3
4
2
0
1
0
Num_cups Phobia Prevmath Mathquiz Statquiz
0
1
3
43
6
0
1
4
49
9
0
4
1
26
8
0
4
0
29
7
1
10
1
31
6
1
4
1
20
7
0
4
2
13
3
2
4
1
23
7
0
4
1
38
8
2
5
0
7
1
5
1
29
8
0
4
0
32
8
1
7
0
18
1
2
3
0
0
3
2
1
2
0
2
2
2
0
2
4
3
8
4
5
0
4
4
3
4
0
1
1
0
1
1
0
1
1
3
1
0
1
1
3
3
4
6
21
37
37
32
25
22
35
47
41
26
39
5
8
3
8
7
10
7
7
4
8
8
6
7
8
3
0
0
1
3
2
1
0
1
2
0
1
0
0
4
3
5
9
3
4
1
2
0
3
2
8
4
4
2
2
1
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
21
22
21
26
20
30
40
35
10
35
44
26
7
7
4
8
7
8
8
6
8
8
7
6
6
7
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
0
1
2
0
3
2
2
1
1
5
5
4
4
10
7
3
4
1
1
1
1
0
1
0
1
1
1
0
1
5
1
15
42
33
29
39
38
24
26
14
45
28
9
3
7
8
6
7
8
5
7
7
5
5
9
8
1
0
1
0
1
1
0
0
0
1
0
0
0
0
2
2
1
7
5
5
1
3
3
5
1
0
5
6
2
0
1
0
0
1
2
0
1
1
4
3
0
2
31
32
15
26
26
32
21
43
34
33
30
46
8
8
8
3
8
8
5
8
8
8
9
10
7
8
1
1
2
0
0
0
0
1
0
1
0
1
0
1
3
5
4
0
2
2
3
1
1
0
2
10
3
3
2
0
2
4
4
3
1
2
3
2
2
0
1
1
33
29
30
34
32
37
31
30
28
14
9
11
7
7
7
9
8
9
6
8
7
8
5
6
7
4
1
0
0
0
0
0
0
1
0
0
2
0
1
0
8
3
3
1
1
2
8
3
0
0
4
7
0
0
1
1
1
0
4
0
1
1
1
2
0
2
1
2
30
15
32
22
25
18
11
11
37
28
33
28
6
5
3
5
8
6
4
4
6
9
7
8
7
8
0
1
0
2
1
2
2
4
2
38
41
39
9
8
7
Exp_sqz
7
11
8
8
6
6
4
7
7
6
10
7
3
Hr_base Hr_pre Hr_post Anx_base
71
68
65
17
73
75
68
17
69
76
72
19
72
73
78
19
71
83
74
26
70
71
76
12
71
70
66
12
77
87
84
17
73
72
67
20
78
76
74
20
74
72
73
21
73
74
74
32
73
76
78
19
4
6
1
7
4
9
7
6
3
7
7
6
6
8
72
72
76
68
77
74
74
74
73
71
75
76
71
74
83
74
76
67
78
74
75
84
71
74
75
73
76
79
77
68
79
74
73
75
73
77
79
76
71
72
75
79
18
21
14
15
39
20
15
19
18
18
23
18
14
17
8
9
7
8
6
7
9
9
9
7
8
5
4
5
78
70
73
75
78
76
76
69
77
78
74
71
67
77
79
63
78
83
76
74
69
69
79
73
72
70
67
78
73
66
69
73
84
81
71
64
74
78
72
75
73
78
18
18
21
18
24
17
17
22
21
19
15
20
12
21
11
4
7
7
6
8
8
4
6
5
2
3
9
8
71
76
69
72
72
71
71
75
74
74
78
68
76
73
72
79
70
64
79
63
82
76
76
74
80
78
79
78
67
71
64
68
76
66
79
70
75
69
80
73
75
77
20
19
13
20
22
15
20
16
22
30
19
20
15
19
7
9
10
6
7
7
5
7
8
5
11
11
7
6
74
72
74
73
73
80
67
65
71
72
70
72
69
68
78
67
84
73
74
82
68
75
72
75
73
67
70
74
82
67
76
71
76
86
73
69
76
68
65
68
74
71
27
16
17
19
16
18
20
26
18
21
11
16
18
16
7
4
6
10
7
8
8
10
8
8
5
3
8
7
76
68
76
69
68
70
70
69
64
68
71
69
71
72
79
71
79
70
70
62
73
67
74
72
74
78
69
83
71
77
71
74
69
71
77
64
70
71
67
76
76
73
19
18
22
15
18
17
15
14
22
10
15
20
13
14
7
7
5
4
9
7
3
3
9
9
6
6
9
9
76
76
72
74
70
68
71
72
71
72
73
69
74
70
78
67
70
78
71
70
73
75
78
71
77
70
73
66
71
71
67
72
69
73
77
76
72
73
79
71
71
65
15
18
15
20
10
16
15
24
16
17
24
23
17
17
10
8
7
65
72
70
65
68
70
69
73
64
18
17
17
Anx_pre Anx_post
22
20
19
16
14
15
13
16
30
25
15
19
16
17
19
22
14
17
24
19
25
22
35
33
23
20
27
27
18
19
39
12
11
27
13
22
28
24
10
12
28
22
21
18
40
18
20
23
19
25
24
26
18
16
13
12
14
21
27
26
25
16
14
12
21
27
19
15
16
14
17
23
25
15
19
18
19
17
16
22
17
15
23
21
24
14
27
21
26
18
27
36
24
29
8
13
21
17
22
22
24
13
26
23
23
32
24
30
17
18
21
20
19
16
20
27
25
29
13
26
19
25
15
10
24
22
14
16
17
20
24
23
16
27
9
15
15
17
13
21
15
21
21
23
23
17
25
13
17
25
10
16
15
19
20
17
19
19
14
15
19
15
17
23
13
15
18
12
9
27
16
20
19
17
21
11
18
28
18
12
17
17
13
18
14
19
21
21
15
17
20
24
17
13
14
11
11
19
18
14
gender
2 male
1 female
ug_major
1
2
3
4
5
reason
1 program requirement
2 personal interest
3 advisor recommendation
exp_cond
1
2
3
4
coffee
0 no
1 yes
psychology
pre-med
biology
sociology
economics
easy
moderate
difficult
impossible
PSY 520: Module Eight Problem Set Questions
Regression Analysis
Use the data set in the Problem Set Data document. The data is in Excel format. The first tab of the spreadsheet
lists the data, and the second tab is a key to the labeling of the data. (Note: This is the same data set used for
the exercises in Modules Six and Seven.)
1. Use both number of previous math courses taken and phobia rating to predict scores on the stats quiz
(method = enter in SPSS). Are both predictors contributing significantly to the regression model? How do
you know?
a. SPSS output:
b. Results write-up in APA format, including the interpretation of test results:
(see this link: http://my.ilstu.edu/~jhkahn/apastats.html)
2. Repeat the first exercise, adding mathquiz as a third predictor and provide the SPSS output. Is prevmath
still a useful predictor? Explain. Write up the results in APA format, including the interpretation of test
results.
a. SPSS output:
3. APA write-up:
4. Interpretation of adding math quiz scores to the regression model
Running Head: METHODS
1
Methods
Research Methods in PSY
November 17, 2016
Running Head: METHODS
2
Purpose Statement
The primary purpose of this study is to determine how the eyewitness identification
procedure impacts the authenticity and eligibility of an eyewitness’ testimony. To best achieve
this, both qualitative and quantitative methods will be applied in a mixed method. The qualitative
method will be used to check the current eyewitness identification procedures effectiveness. On
the other hand, the quantitative methodology will be carried out to determine how effective the
eyewitness identification process was when a case officer assisted them with the identification
process and when they were not involved in the same process. This latter method will also be
used to check the impact of memory loss on the identification process and how the identification
procedures mitigated the situation.
Methods
A mixed method will be employed in this research design. In this method, a quantitative study
will be carried out on different eyewitnesses to determine how the identification process went
when they had not been helped by an investigative officer who is involved with that particular
case during the process. The Police Executive Research Forum carried out a study in efforts to
assess the state of eyewitnesses in the criminal justice system. They wanted to obtain more data
on the use of eyewitness identification procedures that are being used by law enforcement
agencies. PERF studied six hundred and nineteen different police departments all across the
country. They primarily focused their study on the procedures and training of the departments
when using eyewitness identification methods. They qualitatively collected data via interviews,
they conducted 30 of them over the phone instead of in person like the rest. These surveys were
conducted by both law enforcement officials and academic researchers together. They had a
Running Head: METHODS
3
focus group composed of eight members that closely laid out the core issues of the study. The
agencies that they chose to study in their research were based on both past experience and their
own expertise regarding eyewitness identification. The chosen departments were sent the survey
and asked to complete and return it back to them. They also asked them to add notes on the
margin of the survey including any questions they had about the survey. Once the surveys were
collected and reviewed, PERF contacted each participant over the phone to discuss the survey.
In the first study, there will be a group of witnesses who will have had the help of an
investigative officer as they were making the identification. In this study, the investigative
officer will have prior knowledge of the suspect. In the same study, there will be another group
of eyewitnesses who will not be assisted by an officer who has prior knowledge of the suspect in
question. The second study will have two sets of eyewitnesses. One set will be sure about their
memory while the other will not be sure about the status of their memory. Both groups will be
subjected under the same witness identification process with similar identification procedures.
Finally, the third study will involve different eyewitnesses and investigation officers among
other stakeholders.
The variables in this case study will be the eyewitnesses and memory status as the
dependent variable and the independent variables will be the eyewitness identification
procedures, the criminal and case officer.
Participants
The participants in this case study will include the case officers, eyewitnesses, supposed
criminal, other case officer who will not have identified the ‘criminal’ before the identification
stage. Each participant will play a major role in the study.
Running Head: METHODS
4
Materials and Procedures
The eyewitnesses were identified form a crowd using certain factors of elimination.
There were some who were picked because they had issue with their memory while the rest were
expected to have good memory. Those that had issue with their memory, had to have
experienced a traumatic even in the past which led to the loss of memory. However, other
witnesses who had lost their memory due to other causes were also allowed to participate. It was
paramount to have both parties in the study. There were other persons who would assist with the
identification process and others to act as the case officers who knew the suspected person.
The sample selected for this study was about 1000 people. The different agencies that
were selected were accounted for the population size. The survey was sent to different law
enforcement agencies which had been selected randomly. Of these agencies, there was a number
that did not have eyewitness identification procedures. As such, they could not participate in the
study. There are some respondents who were interviewed. Some were interviewed via telephone.
These interviews came in handy in the identification of any extra procedures that were employed
during the eyewitness identification.
Variables
There were different variables in the study. The study included four main categories of
variables. These were the system variables which included factors which were deemed to have
an effect in the eyewitness identification. These included the method used to present the lineup,
the officer guiding them as they made the identification, the persons in the lineup, as well as the
instructions given to the eyewitnesses when they are making the identification.
Data Analysis Plan
Running Head: METHODS
The data collected in the study was analyzed after the weights were standardized to have
a good representation of the population. Each survey that was taken was recorded and then
reviewed. The review was focused on determining whether the data collected was consistent.
Any inconsistent and unclear data was flagged. The data was then taken through a rigorous
process to clean it through SPSS. The data was then analyzed to determine the results of the
collected data.
5
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